Kev nce qib thoob ntiaj teb hauv metallurgy thiab casting thev naus laus zis tau xa cov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov cua sov resistant steel grate, cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv khib nyiab rau cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob, cement ntau lawm, thiab kev ua haujlwm mining. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab alloy uas tiv thaiv qhov kub thiab txias corrosion mus rau cov txheej txheem casting siab heev uas ua kom qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qauv, cov kev tsim kho no tau teeb tsa cov qauv tshiab rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ruaj khov. Thoob plaws Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Europe, thiab Nyij Pooj, kev sib koom tes ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tau tsim cov khoom siv grate tsim los tiv thaiv huab cua kub caij tsheb kauj vab, hnav hnav, thiab corrosive ib puag ncig.
Grates thiab grate daim hlau ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam khoom siv kub kub. Hauv cov nroj tsuag incineration pov tseg, grate tuav tsim lub txaj txav uas thauj thiab ua rau cov khib nyiab pov tseg hauv nroog thaum tso cua combustion los ntawm. Hauv kev tsim cov cement, grate coolers sai txias clinker thaum rov qab cua sov rau cov txheej txheem. Hauv kev ua haujlwm sintering, grate tuav txhawb nqa lub nra hnyav thaum tiv thaiv kev kub ntxhov siab. Cov ntawv thov no thov cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub feem ntau tshaj 900 degrees Celsius thaum tiv thaiv oxidation, creep deformation, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau cov ntawv thov grate niaj hnub tau dhau los ua sophisticated. Hauv khib nyiab rau cov chaw siv hluav taws xob, grate tuav yuav tsum tiv tsis tau tsuas yog kub kub xwb tab sis kuj corrosive cua uas muaj chlorine thiab sulfur compounds tso tawm thaum combustion. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias grate ntu ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam combustion ntsej muag kub ntawm 650 thiab 950 degrees Celsius, yuav tsum tau zoo heev kub kub lub zog thiab microstructural stability. Lawv kuj yuav tsum ua kom pom kev hnav zoo dua li cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg thiab cov hmoov tshauv abrade cov khoom nto thaum lub sij hawm reciprocating motion. Tsis tas li ntawd, oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov khoom yog ib qho tseem ceeb, raws li ib tug tas mus li thiab adherent oxide txheej tiv thaiv lub hauv paus hlau los ntawm sai degradation.
Cov thawj coj thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev siv tshuab pov tseg pov tseg tau pom ntev ntev txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv grate siab heev. German tuam txhab xws li NOELL tau tsim tshwj xeeb kub resistant duplex cam khwb cia steels tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov kub kub corrosive ib puag ncig pom nyob rau hauv lub nroog cov khoom pov tseg combustion. Cov tuam txhab Danish thiab Nyij Pooj suav nrog Babcock & Wilcox Volund thiab Mitsubishi Heavy Industries tau ua haujlwm nickel raws li superalloys rau grate Cheebtsam, ua tiav kev ua tau zoo thiab tawv txawm tias ntawm tus nqi ntau. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuav lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov kub thiab txias txog li 1000 degrees Celsius, muab kev pabcuam lub neej uas ua rau khib nyiab rau lub zog siv nyiaj txiag.
Cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv Suav teb thiab cov chaw tshawb fawb tau ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov nqi siv tau zoo uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov ntawv thov grate niaj hnub. Thaum ntxov Suav grate tsim feem ntau ua hauj lwm chromium series kub resistant steels xws li 3Cr18Mn12Si2N thiab 2Cr20Mn9Ni9, tsis ntev los no nrhav tau teem rau optimizing alloy compositions kom sib npaug kev ua tau zoo nrog affordability. Silicon series kub resistant cam khwb cia hlau suav nrog RTSi5, RQTSi4, RQTSi5, thiab RQT2Si4Mo tau txais kev lees paub thoob plaws vim lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws, zoo tshaj oxidation tsis kam mus txog 800 degrees Celsius, thiab tus nqi qis.
Ib qho tseem ceeb nce qib hauv grate casting tshuab los ntawm Anhui Conch Kawasaki Equipment Manufacturing, uas tau tsim ib tug siab hnav resistant thiab kub resistant casting tshwj xeeb engineered rau grate txias daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cement nroj tsuag. Cov tuam txhab tsim qauv tshiab tsim muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov pa roj carbon ntawm 2.3 thiab 2.8 feem pua, chromium los ntawm 23 mus rau 28 feem pua, thiab cov tswv yim ntxiv ntawm molybdenum, tooj liab, titanium, thiab yttrium. Qhov no sophisticated chemistry tsim ib tug microstructure uas ua ke ib tug oxidation resistant matrix nrog nyuaj, thermally ruaj khov theem uas tiv taus abrasive hnav ntawm siab kub.
Cov txheej txheem casting tsim los ntawm Anhui Conch Kawasaki sawv cev rau kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem xuab zeb casting. Los ntawm kev siv tsis siv neeg zoo li qub siab molding kab, cov txheej txheem ua tiav qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab qhov chaw tiav piv rau cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj. Cov txheej txheem pib nrog cov tub ntxhais ua tau zoo ua raws li kev npaj pwm siv cov cuab yeej sib xyaw ua ke uas ua kom muaj pwm sib xws. Melting thiab refining ua hauj lwm siv nruj tswj kub thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog argon tshuab thaum lub sij hawm molten hlau kho kom tshem tawm yaj yaj gases thiab inclusions. Tom qab pouring, Cheebtsam raug tswj kom txias, shakeout, tu, thiab thaum kawg kev kho cua sov kom optimize txhua yam khoom thiab txo cov seem seem. The resulting grate plates exhibit dense microstructures free from shrinkage porosity and sand inclusion defects, delivering significantly extended service lives in high temperature cement clinker cooling applications.
Hauv thaj chaw pov tseg rau lub zog, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev nkag siab thiab txo cov txheej txheem degradation nyuaj uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom grate. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm ZG30Cr20Ni10 tshav kub resistant steel tiv thaiv daim hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug municipal khoom khib nyiab incineration nroj tsuag qhia qhov tseem ceeb kev nkag siab ntawm lub interplay ntawm cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev pab cuam ib puag ncig. Cov phaj, uas tiv thaiv lub cub tawg steel qauv los ntawm kev kub siab corrosion, ua tsis tiav ntxov tom qab tsuas yog xya lub hlis ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej noj seem ntawm lub incinerator.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom ua tsis tiav tau pom tias thaum feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ua raws li cov qauv kev cai, cov ntsiab lus carbon tau dhau qhov kev txwv tshwj xeeb. Cov pa roj carbon ntau dhau no tau txhawb nqa kev tsim cov carbide txuas ntxiv raws austenite lis ciam teb, tsim txoj hauv kev nyiam rau kev tawm tsam corrosion. Kev tshuaj xyuas metallographic qhia tau hais tias ob qho tib si tshuaj corrosion los ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine nplua nuj leachate thiab kub oxidation pab rau degradation, nrog rau kev tawm tsam propagating raws cov nplej ciam carbides. Lub xub ntiag ntawm microporosity nyob rau hauv lub castings ntxiv ceev kev puas tsuaj los ntawm muab qhov chaw ntxiv rau corrosion pib.
Raws li cov kev tshawb pom no, cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo kom ua kom zoo dua cov hlau alloy los ntawm kev txo cov ntsiab lus carbon kom txo qis ciam ciam carbides thaum ntxiv molybdenum, tooj liab, thiab titanium los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv chlorine induced corrosion. Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee kuj tau pom zoo kom ruaj khov austenitic microstructure thiab txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saws me nyuam ntawm ploj ua npuas ncauj ua ke nrog homogenization thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob thiab tag nrho cov tshuaj annealing tau npaj siab los xyuas kom meej cov microstructure zoo li qub thiab tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag. Cov kev txhim kho no ncaj qha daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov kua qaub hauv qhov chaw ziab khaub ncaws thiab kub kub oxidation hauv cheeb tsam combustion.
Poob ua npuas ncauj casting tau tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo txoj kev rau ua complex grate Cheebtsam nrog ntau qhov me me thiab intricate geometries. Daim ntawv tso cai tso cai rau Quxian Jincheng Alloy Casting Tuam Txhab qhia cov txheej txheem kev siv tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tsim los rau perforated tshav kub resistant steel grate daim hlau. Txoj kev siv cov copolymer STMMA ua npuas ncauj qauv uas yog zoo li tus kom haum rau qhov kawg geometry. Cov qauv no tau ua tib zoo tswj cov txheej txheem txheej txheem uas muaj ntau yam dips hauv cov txheej txheem refractory tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog cov voj voog ci ntawm qhov kub ntawm 45 thiab 60 degrees Celsius. Cov txheej txheej tuab ntawm 0.8 mus rau 1.5 millimeters muab lub zog txaus los tswj pwm kev ncaj ncees thaum lub sij hawm casting thaum tso cai rau kev khiav tawm roj.
Tom qab txheej txheej, cov qauv yog sib sau ua ke rau hauv pawg ntawm kaum feem ntawm txhua qhov thiab kos rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Vibration compaction ensures uniform sand density around the complex pattern geometries, while vacuum application stabilizes the mold during pouring. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm oxygen enriched combustion thaum lub sij hawm tshem tawm qauv tsim hollow shells npaj tau txais molten hlau. Txoj hauv kev no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov teeb meem keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov qhov me me, qhov uas cov txheej txheem feem ntau ua rau cov xuab zeb sintering thaiv cov qhov qhib los yog cov xuab zeb suav nrog cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem ua npuas ncauj plam plam ua rau kev tsim cov grate daim hlau nrog huv, zoo txhais qhov thiab zoo heev nto tiav thaum txo cov kev ua haujlwm thiab cov nqi tsim khoom.
High chromium cam khwb cia hlau sawv cev rau lwm yam khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev siv grate, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm sintering qhov twg puas yog qhov tseem ceeb. Jinggong Measuring Tools Producing Company tau tsim cov txheej txheem ntau lawm rau cov cua sov resistant siab chromium cam khwb cia hlau grate tuav siv nyob rau hauv sintering rooj tsheb. Cov txheej txheem pib nrog av nplaum xuab zeb ntub casting siv kaw qhov rooj kaw lus tsim los xyuas kom meej cov pwm puv. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov xuab zeb thiab pwm sealing tiv thaiv cov khib nyiab los ntawm cov kab noj hniav thiab ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees casting.
Kev ua haujlwm melting siv nruab nrab zaus induction rauv nrog cov nqi sib xyaw nrog rau npua hlau, seem hlau, thiab micro carbon ferrochrome. Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tseem ceeb, nrog superheating rau kwv yees li 1630 degrees Celsius ua raws li cov npib tsib xee ntxiv los ua kom zoo dua cov khoom. Pouring kub ntawm 1450 thiab 1500 degrees Celsius yog ua tib zoo tswj, nrog rau thawj zaug maj mam pouring kom txo ndlwg siab thiab tiv thaiv turbulence, ua raws li los ntawm khov kho filling thiab zaum kawg deceleration kom tiav kab noj hniav tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm shakeout. Kwv yees li kaum feeb tom qab nchuav, thaum qhov kub thiab txias tau txias mus txog 1050 degrees Celsius, cov khoom raug muab rho tawm los ntawm cov xuab zeb molding. Qhov siab kub shakeout no txo cov xuab zeb adhesion thaum lub castings tseem kub txaus rau quenching ncaj qha. Kev tswj kom txias mus rau 650 degrees Celsius ua raws li kev ua kom txias, ua ke nrog stacking thiab npog nrog xuab zeb casting, ua tiav tempering zoo yam tsis muaj kev sib cais ua haujlwm kub. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no rau kev ua cov thermal ua kom zoo dua microstructure thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab thaum txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob thiab tuav cov nqi.
Cov neeg muag khoom hauv Nyij Pooj kuj tseem muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub resistant steel grate, muab cov khoom ua tau raws li JIS tus qauv SCH1 txog SCH42 cov khoom siv qib. Cov tuam txhab xws li Nishinippon Trading Company muab cov grate thiab cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam feem ntau rau preheating thiab txias khoom hauv ore smelting thiab refining, txiv qaub ntau lawm, thiab cement manufacturing. Cov neeg muag khoom no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev xws li pwm mus tas li, peev casting, poob ua npuas ncauj, thiab plhaub molding, ua kom cov khoom tsim los ntawm ob peb kilograms mus rau kaum tawm tons. Lub peev xwm xa ob tus qauv thiab tshwj xeeb cam khwb cia hlau nrog rau cov hlau tsis muaj steel, qib qis alloy, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv tshav kub, thiab cov khoom siv tiv thaiv puas ua rau pom qhov dav ntawm kev tsim muaj peev xwm muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam.
Cov txheej txheem hauv paus tswj hwm cov cua sov resistant steel castings txuas ntxiv mus, muab cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv thiab kev ruaj ntseg zoo. Cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb suav nrog ASTM, AISI, BS, DIN, JIS, thiab NF specifications txhais cov kev cai rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab cov qauv kev sim. Cov khoom siv xws li GB / T 8263 qib suav nrog BTMNiCr2, BTCr9Ni5, thiab ntau yam BTMCr series, nrog rau DIN 1695 qib thiab ISO 21988 kev faib tawm, muab cov engineers paub meej meej rau kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb.
Saib rau pem hauv ntej, tus qauv mus rau hybrid thiab composite grate designs cog lus rau kev txhim kho ntxiv hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo. Cov txheej txheem welding tshiab tsim cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke siab alloy hnav resistant nto feem ntau tsawg tshaj li yim millimeters tuab nrog cov pa carbon steel substrates, ua tiav qhov yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom siv txo nqi. Cov kev sib xyaw ua ke no, tsim los ntawm kev sib tshooj vuam thiab cov qauv vuam ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel rib txhawb nqa, muab qhov hnyav txo thaum ncua kev pab cuam lub neej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xav tau tshaj plaws.
Raws li kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav kev ua haujlwm tau zoo dua thiab qis dua, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab kub resistant steel castings dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Cov khoom pov tseg rau cov chaw siv hluav taws xob xav tau cov khoom siv lub neej ntev kom ntseeg tau kom muaj kev ua haujlwm tas mus li thiab ua kom lub zog txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv. Cov nroj tsuag cement nrhiav kev txuas ntxiv lub neej nyob nruab nrab ntawm kev saib xyuas kev tu ncua los txhim kho cov khoom tsim tau thiab txo cov nqi. Mining thiab ntxhia ua haujlwm xav tau hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv uas tiv taus abrasive ores ntawm qhov kub siab. Kev tsim kho tshiab tsis tu ncua hauv kev txhim kho alloy, txheej txheem casting, thiab kev lees paub zoo tau piav qhia ntawm no ncaj qha hais txog cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam, muab lub hauv paus rau kev nce qib ntxiv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub.
